Author:

Dr. Geetpriya Kaur

Dr. Geetpriya Kaur

Director and Consultant Oral Pathologist

A self-motivated and enthusiastic Oral Pathologist with nine years of extensive experience in Histopathology and Cytology.

She taught Oral Pathology course as a Professor at the Department of Oral Pathology at the Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies (IDST), Modinagar, India.

Areas of her research Interest: Oral Oncology, Oral Microbiome, Salivary Microbiome, Genetics, Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders(OPMD).

Education

    • Visiting Scholar, Department of OMPRM, New York University, US (April/May 2014)
    • MDS – Oral Pathology, T.S Dental College, Ghaziabad, India (2009-2012)
    • Bachelor in Dental Surgery, RV Dental College, Bengaluru, India (2003-2008)

Dr. Amita Sahai

Dr. Amita Sahai

• MDS – oral medicine, diagnosis and radiology ( GDC GOA)
• Consultant: dental and maxillofacial radiologist

Dr. Amita completed her graduation (B.D.S) and post-graduation (M.D.S) in Oral Medicine, Diagnosis and Radiology from Goa Dental College and Hospital (Government of Goa) and has worked in the capacity of a senior resident in the same department.

She currently spearheads the teleradiology services and marketing – design initiatives at Dr Sahai’s Dental and Maxillofacial Diagnostics in Ghaziabad. Her interest and skill in Dental & Maxillofacial Radiology – imaging comes naturally from the emphasis on rigorous training and extensive work with intra-oral, extra-oral radiography including sialography.

A key area of interest includes Digital Cephalometric Radiography, which was part of an original research project. Her preferred areas of work in Oral Medicine – Diagnosis include oral premalignant and infective lesions.

What are the Benefits of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Tests?

Oral and maxillofacial pathology tests, which include diagnostic procedures such as biopsies, imaging studies, and laboratory tests, offer several benefits in the field of dentistry and healthcare. These tests are crucial for the identification, diagnosis, and management of various diseases and conditions affecting the oral and maxillofacial regions. Here are some of the key benefits:

Early Detection of Diseases:

Oral and maxillofacial pathology tests contribute to the early detection of diseases and abnormalities in the oral cavity, jaws, and related structures. Early diagnosis often leads to more effective treatment and improved outcomes.

Definitive Diagnoses:

Biopsy and histopathological examinations provide definitive diagnoses of oral lesions and conditions. This is essential for developing targeted and appropriate treatment plans.

Cancer Screening and Diagnosis:

Oral pathology tests, including biopsies, play a crucial role in the screening and diagnosis of oral cancers. Early detection of oral cancer can significantly improve the chances of successful treatment.

Treatment Planning:

The results of pathology tests guide dentists, oral pathologists, and other healthcare professionals in developing personalized and effective treatment plans for patients with oral diseases. This may involve surgery, medication, or other interventions.

Risk Assessment:

Pathology tests help assess the risk factors associated with certain oral diseases, allowing for the identification of individuals who may be at higher risk. This information can guide preventive measures and regular monitoring.

Monitoring Disease Progression:

For chronic conditions or diseases with the potential for recurrence, pathology tests enable healthcare providers to monitor the progression of the disease over time. This ongoing assessment helps in adjusting treatment strategies as needed.

Differentiating Benign and Malignant Lesions:

Oral pathology tests are instrumental in distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions. This differentiation is crucial for determining the appropriate course of action and urgency in treatment.

Guiding Surgical Procedures:

When surgical intervention is required, pathology tests help guide the surgeon by providing information about the nature and extent of the pathology. This ensures more precise and targeted surgical procedures.

Understanding Genetic and Developmental Disorders:

Some oral pathologies are associated with genetic or developmental factors. Pathology tests contribute to a better understanding of these conditions and aid in genetic counseling when necessary.

Research and Education:

Pathology tests contribute to ongoing research in the field of oral and maxillofacial pathology, advancing knowledge and improving diagnostic techniques. Additionally, they play a role in educating healthcare professionals and students in the dental and medical fields.

It’s important to note that the benefits of oral and maxillofacial pathology tests are context-specific and depend on the individual patient’s condition. The tests are typically performed based on clinical indications and the specific needs of the patient. Regular dental check-ups and screenings are crucial for maintaining oral health and facilitating the early detection of potential issues.

What is Oral Pathology?

Oral pathology is a branch of dentistry that deals with the study, diagnosis, and management of diseases and disorders affecting the oral and maxillofacial regions. Oral pathology encompasses the identification and understanding of various conditions that can manifest in the mouth, jaws, salivary glands, and related structures. Dentists who specialize in oral pathology are referred to as oral pathologists.

Key aspects of oral pathology include:

Diagnosis of Oral Diseases:

Oral pathologists are trained to diagnose a wide range of diseases and conditions affecting the oral cavity and surrounding structures. This can include infections, inflammatory disorders, developmental abnormalities, and neoplastic (cancerous and non-cancerous) lesions.

Biopsy and Histopathology:

When a suspicious lesion or abnormality is detected in the oral cavity, oral pathologists often perform biopsies to obtain tissue samples. These samples are then analyzed under a microscope (histopathology) to determine the nature of the lesion and assist in making a definitive diagnosis.

Dental Radiology:

Oral pathologists may use various imaging techniques, including dental radiographs and advanced imaging modalities like Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), to visualize and assess abnormalities in the oral and maxillofacial structures.

Management and Treatment Planning:

After a diagnosis is made, oral pathologists work with other dental specialists and healthcare professionals to develop treatment plans for managing oral diseases. This may involve surgical interventions, medical treatments, or a combination of approaches.

Oral Cancer Screening:

Oral pathology plays a crucial role in the early detection and screening of oral cancers. Regular oral examinations, including visual inspections and palpation of tissues, are part of routine dental check-ups to identify potential signs of malignancy.

Salivary Gland Disorders:

Oral pathologists assess and manage conditions affecting the salivary glands, including inflammation, infections, and tumors.

Genetic and Developmental Disorders:

Some oral pathologies are associated with genetic or developmental factors. Oral pathologists may diagnose and manage conditions such as cleft lip and palate or hereditary dental anomalies.

Autoimmune and Immunologic Disorders:

Certain conditions affecting the immune system can manifest in the oral cavity. Oral pathologists are involved in the diagnosis and management of autoimmune and immunologic disorders that impact oral health.

Infectious Diseases:

Oral pathologists may deal with various infectious diseases affecting the oral and maxillofacial regions, including viral, bacterial, and fungal infections.

Regular dental check-ups and screenings are important for the early detection of oral diseases, and oral pathologists work collaboratively with general dentists and other specialists to provide comprehensive care to patients.

What is Cephalographic Imaging?

Cephalographic imaging, specifically cephalometry, refers to a diagnostic imaging technique used in dentistry and orthodontics to obtain two-dimensional X-ray images of the head and skull in a standardized lateral (side) view. These images, known as cephalograms or lateral cephalometric radiographs, provide valuable information about the facial and cranial structures, particularly in relation to orthodontic and dental treatment planning.

Here are key points about cephalographic imaging:

Orthodontic Assessment:

Cephalometric imaging is commonly used in orthodontics to evaluate the relationship between the teeth, jaws, and facial structures. Orthodontists use these images to assess growth patterns, tooth eruption, and overall facial harmony.

Treatment Planning:

The information obtained from cephalograms helps orthodontists and dentists in formulating treatment plans for various orthodontic interventions, such as braces, aligners, and other corrective measures.

Craniofacial Anatomy:

Cephalometric images provide a detailed view of the craniofacial anatomy, including the position of the teeth, the shape and size of the jawbones, the location of the temporomandibular joints (TMJ), and the soft tissues of the face.

Angular and Linear Measurements:

Orthodontic specialists use cephalometric analysis to measure specific angles and distances related to dental and skeletal structures. These measurements aid in diagnosing orthodontic problems and planning appropriate interventions.

Growth Assessment:

Cephalometric imaging is valuable for assessing the growth of facial structures over time, which is particularly important in pediatric orthodontics.

Airway Analysis:

Some cephalometric analyses include assessments of the upper airway, helping to identify potential issues related to breathing and sleep-disordered breathing.

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Evaluation:

Cephalograms may capture images of the temporomandibular joints, allowing for assessment of their position, shape, and any abnormalities that may be associated with temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD).

Profile Evaluation:

Cephalometric images provide a lateral profile view of the patient’s face, allowing for a comprehensive evaluation of the facial aesthetics and proportions.

It’s important to note that cephalography involves exposure to ionizing radiation, and the use of this imaging technique is typically justified based on the specific diagnostic needs of the patient. As technology has advanced, other imaging modalities, such as Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), may also be used to supplement or replace cephalometric imaging in certain cases, providing more detailed three-dimensional information.

What is OPG X Ray?

An OPG X-ray, or Orthopantomogram, is a type of panoramic dental X-ray that provides a wide and comprehensive view of the upper and lower jaws, teeth, and surrounding structures. It is a two-dimensional radiographic examination that captures a single image of the entire oral and maxillofacial region. OPG X-rays are commonly used in dental and maxillofacial imaging for diagnostic and treatment planning purposes.

Key features of an OPG X-ray include:

Panoramic View:

The OPG X-ray captures a panoramic view of the entire mouth, including the teeth, jaws, temporomandibular joints (TMJ), and surrounding tissues.

Dental and Bone Structure Visualization:

It provides a clear view of the teeth, their positions, and the supporting bone structure. This is valuable for assessing dental health, detecting abnormalities, and planning various dental procedures.

Orthodontic Assessment:

OPG X-rays are commonly used in orthodontics to assess the alignment of teeth and the development of the jaw. They aid orthodontists in treatment planning for braces and other orthodontic interventions.

Impacted Teeth Detection:

The OPG is useful for detecting impacted teeth, such as wisdom teeth, which may not have erupted or may be positioned in an abnormal manner.

TMJ Evaluation:

It allows for the evaluation of the temporomandibular joints (TMJ), which are critical for jaw movement. TMJ disorders and abnormalities can be identified through OPG imaging.

Sinus Examination:

OPG X-rays can capture the sinus cavities, helping to assess the sinus anatomy and detect potential issues such as sinusitis or other sinus-related conditions.

Fracture Detection:

The OPG is capable of revealing fractures or other abnormalities in the jaw and facial bones.

Dental Implant Planning:

Dentists use OPG X-rays for planning dental implant placement by assessing the available bone structure in the jaw.

Quick and Non-Invasive:

OPG imaging is a relatively quick and non-invasive procedure, making it well-tolerated by patients.

It’s important to note that while OPG X-rays provide a broad overview of the oral and maxillofacial region, they may not provide the same level of detail as three-dimensional imaging techniques like Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). The choice between OPG and CBCT depends on the specific diagnostic needs of the patient and the information required by the healthcare provider.

What are the features of CBCT CS9300?

The CS 9300 is a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) system developed by Carestream Dental. Here are some general features that were associated with the CS 9300 as of my last update:

High-Resolution Imaging:

CBCT systems, including the CS 9300, are known for providing high-resolution three-dimensional images, allowing for detailed visualization of dental and maxillofacial structures.

Multiple Fields of View (FOV):

The CS 9300 likely offers different selectable fields of view to cater to various imaging needs, ranging from smaller regions for specific teeth to larger areas for full maxillofacial scans.

Versatile Applications:

Designed for a range of dental and maxillofacial applications, including implant planning, orthodontic assessments, endodontic evaluations, and TMJ studies.

Intuitive Software Interface:

CBCT systems typically come with user-friendly software interfaces that facilitate easy image acquisition, processing, and analysis.

Low Dose Options:

Some CBCT systems, including the CS 9300, may have features that allow for low-dose imaging protocols, aiming to minimize radiation exposure to patients.

3D Reconstructive Capabilities:

CBCT systems can reconstruct three-dimensional images from a series of two-dimensional X-ray projections, providing a comprehensive view of the anatomical structures.

Integration with CAD/CAM Systems:

Integration capabilities with Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems for enhanced treatment planning and workflow.

Fast Scanning Times:

CBCT systems are designed to acquire images relatively quickly, reducing patient exposure time.

Panoramic Imaging:

Some CBCT systems, like the CS 9300, may include panoramic imaging capabilities, offering a wider view of the oral and maxillofacial structures.

Patient Positioning Features:

Adjustable patient positioning features for optimal alignment and comfort during the imaging process.

Please note that these features are based on general characteristics of CBCT systems, and the specific features of the CS 9300 may vary. To obtain the most accurate and current information, it is recommended to check the official documentation provided by Carestream Dental or contact the manufacturer directly.

What are the Benefits of CBCT Scan?

Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scans offer several benefits, particularly in the field of dentistry and maxillofacial imaging. Here are some of the key advantages:

High-Quality 3D Imaging:

CBCT provides detailed three-dimensional images of the teeth, jaw, and surrounding structures, offering a comprehensive view that is especially useful in dental and maxillofacial applications.

Accurate Treatment Planning:

Dentists and oral surgeons use CBCT scans for precise treatment planning, particularly in procedures like dental implant placement, where understanding the bone structure is crucial for success.

Improved Diagnostic Capabilities:

CBCT can reveal intricate details of dental and maxillofacial anatomy that may not be visible in conventional 2D dental X-rays. This can aid in the diagnosis of various conditions and pathologies.

Orthodontic Planning:

Orthodontists use CBCT to assess the position of teeth, the jaw, and the overall facial structure. This information is valuable for planning orthodontic treatments, such as braces or aligners.

TMJ Evaluation:

CBCT is effective in evaluating the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) for abnormalities or disorders. It provides a detailed view of the joint and surrounding structures, aiding in diagnosis and treatment planning.

Endodontic Diagnosis:

In endodontics (root canal treatment), CBCT can assist in diagnosing and treating complex cases by providing detailed images of the tooth and its root canal system.

Quick and Non-Invasive:

CBCT scans are relatively quick to perform and are non-invasive compared to some other imaging techniques. This makes them more comfortable for patients.

Reduced Radiation Exposure:

While CBCT does involve exposure to X-rays, the radiation dose is generally lower than that of traditional medical CT scans. The technology is designed to focus on specific regions of interest, minimizing unnecessary radiation exposure.

Surgical Planning for Maxillofacial Procedures:

Oral and maxillofacial surgeons use CBCT to plan complex surgical procedures, such as jaw surgeries and facial reconstructions. The detailed images help surgeons visualize anatomical structures and plan the surgery more accurately.

Better Visualization of Dental Anatomy:

CBCT provides a clear and detailed view of dental anatomy, including teeth roots, bone density, and surrounding tissues. This is valuable for various dental procedures and interventions.

It’s important to note that the benefits of CBCT should be weighed against factors such as radiation exposure, and the use of CBCT should be justified based on the specific diagnostic or treatment needs of the patient.

How is CBCT is different from traditional medical CT scanning?

Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) and traditional medical Computed Tomography (CT) scanning share the fundamental principle of utilizing X-rays to create cross-sectional images of the body. However, there are several key differences between the two imaging techniques:

Beam Shape:

CBCT: Utilizes a cone-shaped X-ray beam. This cone shape allows for a larger area to be covered in a single rotation, providing a more focused and efficient scan of a specific region.

Traditional CT: Uses a fan-shaped X-ray beam. The fan shape is suitable for imaging larger areas of the body and is often used for comprehensive scans.

Field of View (FOV):

CBCT: Typically has a smaller field of view, focusing on specific regions of interest such as the oral and maxillofacial area.

Traditional CT: Can have a larger field of view, making it suitable for imaging larger anatomical regions or the entire body.

Radiation Dose:

CBCT: Generally exposes patients to a lower radiation dose compared to traditional CT. This is because CBCT is designed for more localized imaging, and the cone-shaped beam is tailored to the specific area of interest.

Traditional CT: Involves a higher radiation dose, which may be necessary for imaging larger portions of the body.

Applications:

CBCT: Primarily used in dental and maxillofacial imaging. It is well-suited for applications such as dental implant planning, orthodontic assessment, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) evaluation.

Traditional CT: Applied to a wide range of medical fields and is used for imaging various parts of the body, including the head, chest, abdomen, and pelvis.

Spatial Resolution:

CBCT: Often provides high spatial resolution, allowing for detailed imaging of smaller structures, such as teeth and bones in the oral and maxillofacial region.

Traditional CT: While offering excellent spatial resolution, it may not be as optimized for the fine details of specific structures in the oral and dental anatomy.

In summary, CBCT and traditional CT are both valuable imaging modalities, each with its own set of advantages and applications. CBCT is more focused on localized imaging, particularly in dentistry, while traditional CT is more versatile and suitable for imaging larger anatomical regions throughout the body.

What is CBCT?

CBCT stands for Cone Beam Computed Tomography. It is a medical imaging technique that uses a cone-shaped X-ray beam to create detailed three-dimensional images of the inside of an object, such as the human body. CBCT is particularly used in dental and maxillofacial imaging, providing high-resolution images of the teeth, jaw, and surrounding structures.

CBCT is different from traditional medical CT (Computed Tomography) scanning in terms of the cone-shaped beam, which allows for a focused and more precise imaging of a specific area. This technique is valuable in dentistry for various applications, including:

Dental Implant Planning: CBCT helps dentists visualize the bone structure and determine the optimal locations for dental implant placement.

Orthodontic Treatment: Orthodontists use CBCT to assess the position of teeth, the jaw, and the overall facial structure for treatment planning.

Endodontic Diagnosis: CBCT can aid in the diagnosis and treatment planning for root canal procedures by providing detailed images of the tooth and its surrounding structures.

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Evaluation: CBCT is used to assess the temporomandibular joint for disorders or abnormalities.

Maxillofacial Surgery: Surgeons use CBCT images for pre-surgical planning in procedures such as jaw surgeries and facial reconstructions.

While CBCT provides valuable information, it also exposes the patient to a higher dose of radiation compared to traditional dental X-rays. Therefore, its use is typically justified based on the specific diagnostic needs of the patient and the potential benefits of the detailed three-dimensional imaging it provides.